Hidden in π

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A short history of computing π

Two decimals took a genius. Three hundred trillion took a lot of hard drives.

For most of history, more digits of π meant more patience: bigger polygons, longer sums, years of arithmetic by candlelight. Then came computers, and the record started doubling every few years.

Why keep going?

Not for engineering: NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory uses 15 decimals to steer spacecraft, and 37 would give the circumference of the visible universe to the width of a hydrogen atom. Records are a test of hardware and of clever algorithms, and a wonderful way to find bugs. They also give us the digits this site searches.

Archimedes to 314 trillion

  1. c. 250 BC

    Archimedes

    2 decimals

    Trapped the circle between two 96-sided polygons: 223/71 < π < 22/7.

  2. 263

    Liu Hui

    3 decimals

    Kept doubling a polygon's sides and settled on 3927/1250 = 3.1416.

  3. c. 480

    Zu Chongzhi

    7 decimals

    Pinned π between 3.1415926 and 3.1415927 and found 355/113. The record stood for about 900 years.

  4. c. 1400

    Madhava of Sangamagrama

    10 decimals

    Used an infinite series instead of polygons, centuries before Europe did.

  5. 1424

    Jamshīd al-Kāshī

    16 decimals

    A polygon with 805,306,368 sides, worked out by hand in Samarkand.

  6. 1596

    Ludolph van Ceulen

    20 decimals

    Polygons with billions of sides. In Germany π was called the Ludolphine number after him for centuries.

  7. 1706

    John Machin

    100 decimals

    A clever arctangent formula. Versions of it set the records for the next 250 years.

  8. 1873

    William Shanks

    527 decimals

    Calculated 707 decimals by hand over many years. Only the first 527 were right.

  9. 1947

    D. F. Ferguson

    808 decimals

    Found Shanks's mistake, then set the last record made with a desk calculator.

  10. 1949

    ENIAC

    2,037 decimals

    The first electronic computer to try: about 70 hours.

  11. 1961

    Daniel Shanks and John Wrench

    100,265 decimals

    An IBM 7090 passed one hundred thousand in under nine hours.

  12. 1973

    Jean Guilloud and Martine Bouyer

    1 million decimals

    The first million, on a CDC 7600.

  13. 1989

    David and Gregory Chudnovsky

    1 billion decimals

    The first billion, with their own fast series on an IBM 3090.

  14. 2002

    Yasumasa Kanada's team

    1.2 trillion decimals

    The first trillion: 600 hours on a Hitachi supercomputer.

  15. 2009

    Fabrice Bellard

    2.7 trillion decimals

    Nearly 2.7 trillion on one desktop PC, in 131 days.

  16. 2019

    Emma Haruka Iwao (Google Cloud)

    31.4 trillion decimals

    31.4 trillion, announced on Pi Day.

  17. 2022

    Emma Haruka Iwao (Google Cloud)

    100 trillion decimals

    100 trillion. This site searches the first 100 billion of them.

  18. 2024

    StorageReview

    202 trillion decimals

    202 trillion on a single server packed with fast drives.

  19. 2025

    Linus Media Group and KIOXIA

    300 trillion decimals

    300 trillion.

  20. 2025

    StorageReview (Kevin O'Brien, Divyansh Jain and Brian Beeler)

    314 trillion decimals

    314 trillion, the record when this page was written. Yes, 3.14.

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